Biostatistics

1. History and development of Statistics

2. Descriptive statistics.

1. Frequency Tables
2. Types of variables
3. Parameters of a distribution and related statistics

3. Statistical inference

1. Design of studies The hypothesis test and the null hypothesis (H0).
2. Timely and/or interval estimation (confidence intervals)
3. Choice of statistical test.

4. Parametric hypotheses testing

1. Student's t test
2. Analysis of Variance: a factor and two factors

5. Adjustment quality tests: Chi-square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov.

6. Nonparametric hypotheses testing.

1. Reference to the Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon test for ordinal variables, and McNemar's test for nominal variables

7. Tables of contingency,

1. Analysis of contingency tables
2. Tests of independence

8. Covariance. Correlation. Linear regression.

1. Pearson's correlation coefficient.
2. Dispersion diagram. Method of least squares

The teaching-learning methodologies include several instruments, based on masterclasses/tutorials and face-to-face theoretical-practical classes. Other non-presential instruments (e.g. moodle) complete and diversify the available options. The theoretical-practical classes are intended to deepen and exercise the subjects taught in the theoretical classes, thus providing more direct contact with these subjects.

The evaluation system is preferably continuous and consists of two written tests (50% each).

Final Exam Regime:

The final exam applies to students who opt for it or to students who do not pass the continuous assessment.

• Motulsky H., Intuitive Biostatistics: A Nonmathematical Guide to Statistical Thinking, 3rd edition, Oxford University Press, 2014, 978-0199946648.

• Martins, E.G.(2005). Introdução à Probabilidade e Estatística. Departamento de Estatística e Investigação Operacional FCUL: Sociedade Portuguesa de Estatística, www.spestatistica.pt/publicacoes/publicacao/introducao-probabilidade-e-estatistica.

• Proença, I.M. (2010). Estatística, Lisboa: Euedito.

• Natália Cordeiro, Alexandre Magalhães,; Introdução à Estatística: Uma Perspectiva Química, LIDEL- Edições Técnicas Lda, Lisboa, 2004. ISBN: 978-972-757-276-2.